Monday, December 30, 2019

The Book Spiritual Mothering The Titus 2 Model For...

Introduction Today there are many Christians that do not know how to develop and strengthen their faith. Their faith can be shaky because most times when hard circumstances and trials come their way then they lose faith that God will bring them through. The way to help people strengthen their faith is mentor them. Mentoring is a way to spend time consistently with someone to keep them accountable in their walk with the Lord and understanding what time with the Lord looks like. The book Spiritual Mothering: The Titus 2 Model for Mentoring Women is a book that helps Biblical women know their role in mentoring other women. It helps women to understand the model that they should use in mentoring other women. This book focuses†¦show more content†¦After describing the reference point of spiritual mothering Susan Hunt then describes the fact that it is a life purpose. The author describes a Biblical woman’s life purpose as glorifying God. A Biblical woman should be living their life to glorify God in everything that they do, which includes when they mentor other women. In order for a Biblical woman to follow the mandate of mentoring based on Titus 2:3-5, she must be obedient to God throughout her life. That does not mean it will be easy, but obedience to God is essential for any older woman who is trying to mentor other women. It is essential because there would be no reason for women to mentor others if they are not following God and being obedient to what He has called them to do. After describing the life purpose, Susan Hunt then goes to tackle the importance of sound doctrine. Sound doctrine refers to teaching that is in ling with Scripture and God’s commands. After covering the mandate, the author moves next to the model. The Model The very first aspect of spiritual mothering that Susan Hunt addresses is that of nurturing and building the relationship. She writes that, â€Å"Spiritual mothering is impossible apart from a relationship.† Building a relationship with someone that an older woman is mentoring will not always be easy because it requires work. The work of building the relationship is necessary though

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Athlete Development Programs Deliberate Practice and...

Introduction What makes champions in sport? At the end of the day, it is the moment when one stands at the top of the podium, holding up their well-deserved medals and trophies that all elite athletes strive for. Thus, experts have studied this question extensively to see which programs, or by what means, are elite athletes developed to achieve this goal. One of the many aspects to athlete development is the controversial topic of deliberate practice versus deliberate play. Deliberate practice can be defined as â€Å"any training activity (a) undertaken with the specific purpose of increasing performance, (b) requiring cognitive and/or physical effort, and (c) relevant to promoting positive skill development† (Cote et al., 2007, p. 185) On the†¦show more content†¦Specifically, they engaged in various â€Å"invasion† sports, where the goal is to move into the opponent’s territory to score (e.g. soccer, basketball, and hockey). The amount of deliberate pr actice was an important determinant for the emergence of expertise for the AFL athletes (Berry et al., 2008). In a more expansive study, Memmert et al. (2010) confirm the same results with respect to a wide range of team sports: basketball, handball, field hockey, and soccer. They state that there is a need of specific training over a long period of time, the â€Å"10-year rule,† for the attainment of expertise. Cote et al. (2007) points out the principle of the power law of practice, where great improvements are seen in the initial stages of practice, but the improvements level-off as one becomes an expert. This power relationship seems to be converted into a more linear relationship with increased deliberate practice. Violinists were studied, and time spent in deliberate practice was examined. By 18 years of age, experts accumulated 7,400 hours of practice, whereas intermediate-level performers had 5,300 hours, and lower-level performers only completed 3,400 hours. This lin ear law of practice seems to be generalizable to other domains, namely sport and chess (Cote et al., 2007, pp. 185). Although deliberate practice is very important, it is not the sole predictor of elite-levelShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Youth Sports On Early Specialization Vs. Diversification1234 Words   |  5 Pageschildhood is their first opportunity to take part in a structured sports program. Parents can play a pivotal role in shaping their child’s early sports experience. When you are the parent of a child like Myzel, you must decide on the best way to foster the child’s athletic ability. Should you encourage him to focus solely on football because of his undeniable talent, or to participate in a variety of sports throughout development? What if they are not as athletically gifted? Simply stated, as parentsRead MoreDoes the Traditional Sports Development Continuum Adequately Illustrate the Flow of People in and Out of Sport at All Levels?†859 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesIntroduction Collins (1995) defined Sports Development as a process in which real opportunities, processes, systems and structure are created to boost people participation into sport and recreation or to improve their performance to any grade they wish to achieve. By that time in the UK, Sport Development was linked to increase participation and creation of opportunities, as Collins highlights in his definition. The term has evolved and is defined by Hylton and Braham (2008: 8) as â€Å"a term usedRead MoreCharacter Development in Youth Sports Essay2283 Words   |  10 Pageswas secondary to the life skills he was mastering. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Love Themes in the Great Gatsby Free Essays

The Great Gatsby Many people dream of being rich and famous because they want to be honored and idolized by people. This is the goal of Jay Gatsby, the protagonist in The Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald which was considered his masterpiece in the year 1925. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Themes in the Great Gatsby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jay Gatsby only wished to be with Daisy, the girl that he truly loved. In this essay, one will notice that the high amount of love in the story isn’t usually the kind of love that saves people’s lives and brings them their true happiness. Nick Carraway is a young man from Minnesota who moves to New York to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in West Egg, Long Island, a place where newly rich people live. He lives next to Jay Gatsby, the mysterious owner of the grand mansion who throws lavish parties every Saturday night. Nick’s cousin is Daisy, the wife of Tom Buchanan and the woman that Gatsby loves. Tom Buchanan has an affair with Myrtle Wilson. Because of Jordan Baker, a competitive golfer with whom Nick met and fell in love but didn’t work out with, he found out that Gatsby’s been in love with Daisy for a long time, and the reason why he lives like a young rajah is to impress Daisy with how successful he is. Through a favor that Gatsby’s asks, Nick sets a meeting for Gatsby and Daisy for them to reunite and find out the love they had. After a short time, Tom suspects the extraordinary relationship of his wife with Gatsby. Though Tom is involved in an affair, he is deeply insulted by the idea that his wife could also cheat on him. One day, Tom forced the group to go to New York to have lunch in Plaza Hotel, where he confronts Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy. Tom announced that Gatsby is a bootlegger and his involved on other illegal activities, and Daisy demanded to go home. Gatsby and Daisy drive back home together in Gatsby’s car, while Tom, Nick and Jordan are in Tom’s car. On the way home, Myrtle was hit and killed by the car of Gatsby. Later Nick discovered that Daisy is the one who’s driving when the accident happened. Tom told Wilson, the husband of Myrtle, that the car who hit his wife is owned by Gatsby. While Gatsby is relaxing in his pool, Wilson shoots and kills Gatsby and himself. After the small funeral Nick arranged for Gatsby, he ended his relationship with Jordan, and moves back to Midwest. In the novel it was quite obvious how Gatsby longed for Daisy; watching the green light from Daisy’s house every night, reaching out to it. He did get Daisy back through Nick in the story, ut during the time that he wished very hard that Daisy would be his, he was unable to spend much time with the woman at all, and so, if truly thought about, he didn’t love Daisy for what she currently is because he didn’t know that anymore. Gatsby loved the Daisy he once knew, or how he remembers her to be. In turn, Daisy thought she was in love with Gatsby also, but shown through how she still didn†™t try to get out of her marriage with Tom, she really wasn’t. She thought her appreciation of Gatsby’s attention was love. Tom cheated on Daisy with Myrtle and thought that was fine as long as he loved his wife, but then how come he was furious when he found out about his Daisy’s love affair? Was it really only because he was insulted that Daisy would cheat on him too? Finally, the main character Nick claimed he loved Jordan Baker, but found it necessary to separate from her at the end of the book. There seems to be a lot of love going around in the story, but somehow love became something that ruined their lives, because somehow, it never became what the characters or what the readers knew it was supposed to be. In chapter 3 Nick speaks of how he feels about Jordan towards the end of the story, talking about he thought he and Jordan had to go their separate ways, â€Å"†¦she had deliberately shifted our relations, and for a moment I thought I loved her†¦I’d been writing letters once a week and signing them: ‘Love, Nick,’ and all I could think of was how, when that certain girl played tennis, a faint mustache of perspiration appeared on her upper lip. Nevertheless there was a vague understanding that had to be tactfully broken off before I was free. † (3. 169) Nick says that he only thought he loved Jordan out right. He probably thought to mention the sweat on her upper lip while playing tennis because that’s not something that you call to mind right away about the person you love, at least not something as shallow as sweat. You don’t do things you should only be doing with the person you love with someone else, as Tom did with Myrtle. Oddly he cheated on Daisy, but he loved her. â€Å"I love Daisy too,† he says during their group confrontation at the Plaza Hotel, â€Å"Once in a while I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in my heart I love her all the time. (7. 251) If you could love someone but go behind his or her back to have an affair, and everybody in the world believed this, no one would be happy in love. In the same chapter Daisy also proves the love she feels is also twisted, â€Å"‘Oh, you want too much! ’ she cried to Gatsby. ‘I love you now – isn’t that enough? I can’t help whatâ€℠¢s past. ’ She began to sob helplessly. ‘I did love him once – but I loved you too. ’† (7. 266) If at one point Daisy suddenly said she loved everybody she knew, it wouldn’t be hard to believe. With a lot of skill, Fitzgerald was able to sum up all that love was in the story in the first chapter. Gatsby was only reaching out to something, and the whole time he loved he Daisy, he was in love with a green light—the thought of her. In the first chapter, Nick notices an odd gesture of Gatsby’s which told about what he felt about Daisy. â€Å"†¦he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 152) The book showed how love can take a hold and take full control of people’s lives, but in a scary way, not be real love at all. Though most people know that love is beautiful, that there can be times that love is all we need, there’s a need to be careful. You need to be sure that it’s truly love, or else, love will be something you’d rather not have at all. How to cite Love Themes in the Great Gatsby, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Critical Appraisal Relationship Between Obesity and the Diseases

Question: Discuss about the Critical Appraisal Of A Research Article Relationship Between Obesity and the Diseases. Answer: Introduction: In this assignment we are going to critically appraise the article by Ackerman and Osborne in which the relationship between obesity and the diseases related to knee and hip joint is established. Problem with knee and hip joint is now a day very common among the aged persons in our society (Medeiros, Arajo Arajo, 2013). According to a survey carried out by the Government of Australia in the year 2011- 2012, around 3.3 million Australians are suffering from some kind of arthritis. Among them around 55.9% people are suffering from OA or osteoarthritis (Health.vic.gov.au, 2015). It has also been reported that the knee and hip joint diseases have more prevalence in women rather than men (Aihw.gov.au, 2015). Along with this with the advancement in technology, more and more people are leading a sedentary lifestyle, which increases the number of people affected by obesity. According to a study carried out by the government of Australia (2015), around 61% population of Australia are suffering from obesity or with the problem of overweight. It has been found that obesity increases the pressure on the joints which in case of aged persons is a serious problem as with the aging, the bon e density decreases and risk of getting joint diseases increases (Hsu, Chou Woollacott, 2012). Studies have been carried out to relate hip OA and obesity and knee OA and obesity separately, but the studies carried out by the authors relating the obesity and hip and knee joint problems is the first of its kind in Australia. Discussion: In this part the article is critically appraised. Here we are going to discuss the aim of the study, methods used by the authors, the results and the interpretation of the result as well as the strength and weaknesses of the study. Aim: The aim set by the authors include- Evaluating the relationship between the occurrence of the knee and hip diseases such as arthritis and osteoarthritis and obesity in the population of Australia. To determine whether obesity increases the severity of the joint related diseases i.e. increased pain, stiffness and decrease in HRQoL and the physical activity. Methods: For carrying out the research, the authors collected the data based on national cross sectional survey. The authors randomly selected 10000 individuals, aged above 39 years, based on the survey from almost all territories and states of Australia. Questionnaires were mailed to the selected persons along with proper introductory letters. The questionnaire consisted of three instruments: Assessment of Quality of Life Instrument or AQoL. This instrument was used to evaluate the psychological well being, social relationships, independent living and physical senses of the selected individuals (Richardson et al., 2012). The Hip and Knee MAPT also known as Hip and Knee Multi- Attribute Prioritisation tool which indicates the severity of the joint diseases. The result of the MAPT was obtained as scores. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index or WOMAC Index. This instrument was used to indicate the health condition related to a specific disease in this case the joint related diseases (Ackerman, 2009). The results were given as scores. BMI was calculated as an indication of obesity or overweight. It was done using the height and weight data provided by the selected individuals. Depending of the calculated BMI, the samples were divided into three categories- Normal weight or under weight if the BMI is less than 24.99 kg/m2. Overweight- if the BMI is between 25- 29.99 kg/m2. Obese- if the BMI is greater than 30 kg/m2. The age of the persons were calculated based on the provided date of birth. Statistical analysis methods are applied on the obtained data in order to correlate the knee and hip joint diseases and the weight of a person. The chi- square test method was used to establish the differences between the participants and the non participants. In order to determine the adjusted odd ratio for the knee OA, multiple binary logistic regression method was used. Analysis of covariance method was applied to the persons who reported to have knee or hip arthritis or OA, in order to evaluate the association between the severities of the diseases i.e. stiffness, physical function and pain and the calculated BMI. In order to detect the relationship between the disease severity and BMI category, Kruskal- Wallis tests were applied. Results: The questionnaire was sent to 10, 000 people, but the filled copies were received from only 1,158 individuals. Using the chi square method of analysis, the comparison between the non participants and the participants were done. The results that were obtained indicated that the number of female participants were comparatively greater than the male than the female non participants- 52% female non participants 57% female participants Chi square value- 8.3 (p 0.01) Among the participants and non participants the proportion of the participants belonging to higher socio economic class was greater- Participants from higher socioeconomic class- 17% Non participants belonging to higher socioeconomic class- 14% The chi square value- 22.9 (p= 0.01). The values also showed that among the participants and the non participants, 67% of both the categories stay in the metropolitan area. From the study of the demographic characteristics, it had been found that the chances of developing hip as well as knee arthritis were double for the obese people. There was also a strong relation between the prevalence of knee and hip arthritis and increase in age. Persons belonging to the age of 80 years and more had the most increased risk of developing knee and hip arthritis. In case of knee joint problems- Persons having knee arthritis- 169 Persons having knee OA 98. Among them- Asymptomatic- 15% Moderate- 52% Severe- 27% In case of hip joint diseases- Persons having hip arthritis- 98 Persons having hip OA- 57 Among them- Asymptomatic- 8% Moderate- 45% Severe- 40%. As per the data of the post hoc test, obesity is associated with increased pain in the hip and knee joint diseases. The result was also similar in case of stiffness and obesity. The reports also depicted that persons affected by obesity and overweight showed worse physical functions (adjusted mean 43.8). The result also showed that patients with hip arthritis had low HRQoL and the result became worsen with the increase in BMI. It was also showed that the association between the BMI and the severity of the hip and knee joint diseases was great. Discussion of the results: The studies carried out by the authors clearly indicated that there is significant relationship between the increased risk in the development of joint related diseases and obesity. Also persons with obesity experiences greater pain and other severity of the hip and knee joint diseases. As per the authors, this study will provide guidance to the clinicians and health planner while treating the joint related diseases. This study strongly indicated that while addressing the joint related problems in an aged person, the health care providers should also take under consideration whether the person is affected by obesity or not. So, the authors emphasized on the multifaceted approach that should be taken while providing treatment for knee and hip joint diseases in order to provide better care to the affected persons. This approach will require proper knowledge that should be spread among the public, regarding the effectiveness of weight loss and physical activity in order to decrease the r isk of getting joint diseases. In the discussion, carried out by the authors, they have also pointed out the comparison between their study and other relevant studies. The findings of the authors were very similar to the studies relating obesity and knee OA carried out in other countries such as US, Netherlands, UK and Norway. Again, most of the studies were unable to reflect clearly, the association between hip OA and obesity. Some studies indicated that obese persons are at greater risk of developing hip OA. The study carried out by the authors showed no significant relation. The study also showed that in comparison to the hip arthritis, the association between knee arthritis and obesity is much more prevalent. Strength of the study: The study was carried out based on random sampling method which was very relevant to perform a study on the national level as random sampling incorporates participants from various backgrounds and socio economic classes. This also provides a clear idea regarding the relation between obesity and knee and hip diseases. The author described the sample collection methods in a detailed way which included the detailed process of sample selection, the format of the questionnaire and the methods that were used to distribute and to collect the questionnaire. While collecting the data, the authors were concerned regarding the ethical issues. so, they sent an introductory letter and a simple statement along with the questionnaire in order to provide all round information to the participants about the study. The mail also contained reply paid envelops so that the process of sending the filled questionnaire became hustle free. Weakness of the study: The main limitation of the study, as depicted by the authors, was the lower response rate. Among the 10000 participants only 1,158 individuals showed response which was only 23%. The reason behind the reduced response may be the process of data collection i.e. the questionnaire process. It has been reported that the process of face to face interview has higher success rate i.e. the rate of participation increases up to 65%. Conclusion: Both obesity and the knee and hip joint diseases i.e. arthritis poses great threat to the society. Both the health problems are regarded as the National Health Priority Areas by the government of Australia. The authors in their study clearly showed that obesity creates additional burden to the hip and knee arthritis. The suffering of the arthritis patient increases many folds if their BMI is high. So, by controlling the weight of a person, the risk of developing joint diseases can be prevented. So, according to Ackerman Osborn, while treating the joint related problems the physicians should also consider the BMI of the patient in order to provide all round treatment to the patients. Again proper knowledge is also important which can help the people to relate the joint diseases with obesity and they will understand the importance of controlling weight in the older age to reduce the risk of joint diseases. The study clearly depicts the relationship between joint diseases and obesity, but further studies are necessary in order to implement proper plans which will highlight both the issues in the aged people. References: Medeiros, H., Arajo, D., Arajo, C. (2013). Age-related mobility loss is joint-specific: an analysis from 6,000 Flexitest results. AGE, 35(6), 2399-2407. doi:10.1007/s11357-013-9525-z Hsu, W., Chou, L., Woollacott, M. (2012). Age-related changes in joint coordination during balance recovery. AGE, 35(4), 1299-1309. doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9422-x Aihw.gov.au,. (2015). Retrieved 16 May 2015, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442460004 Health.vic.gov.au,. (2015). Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) Hip Knee Service - Department of Health and Human Services, Victoria, Australia. Retrieved 16 May 2015, from https://www.health.vic.gov.au/oahks/background.htm Ackerman, I. and Osborne, R. (2012). Obesity and increased burden of hip and knee joint disease in Australia: Results from a national survey. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 13(1), p.254. Ackerman, I. (2009). Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Australian Journal Of Physiotherapy, 55(3), 213. doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(09)70088-1 Richardson, J., Peacock, S., Hawthorne, G., Iezzi, A., Elsworth, G., Day, N. (2012). Construction of the descriptive system for the assessment of quality of life AQoL-6D utility instrument. Health And Quality Of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 38. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-38 Aihw.gov.au, (2015). Overweight and obesity (AIHW). [online] Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/overweight-and-obesity/ [Accessed 16 May 2015].

Friday, November 29, 2019

Fall Down, Never Get Up Again by La Dispute free essay sample

La Dispute is a five piece post-hardcore band from Michigan that formed in 2004. They are composed of vocalist Jordan Dreyer, drummer Brad Vander Lugt, guitarists Chad Sterenberg and Kevin Whittemore and Bassist Adam Vass. They distribute their albums through No Sleep Records. In 2008, they released their debut album Somewhere at the Bottom of the River Between Vega and Altair. La Dispute uses many extended metaphors and other literary devices to add imagery to their music. Their songs have a deep meaning and they apply their own interpretation from some lines of the Edgar Allen Poe poem, Annabel Lee. Lead singer Jordan Dreyer says â€Å"In general, I think boxing art into categories only serves as a way to exclude people from exploring different variations of the same thing. I think the only real definition between artists exists in their intentions for creating art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although he does not like to categorize his music, La Dispute is described as hardcore influenced by bl ues and spoken word. We will write a custom essay sample on Fall Down, Never Get Up Again by La Dispute or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"So tell me, what is there to fear You think some seraph up above is trying to rob us of our love Because the sky’s not clear My dear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I specifically love La Dispute because they put a lot of emotion in their music, which is not something you get from a lot of artists recently. There are also many meanings that one can take from their music based solely on his or her personal life. I think this is great because it relates to a variety of people.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Example

Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Example Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Children being valued members of the household and future investors to the state demand to be given the best in the early old ages to larn and develop holistically to win in subsequently life.However, research surveies by Grantham -McGregor ( 2007, cited in Blatchford and Woodhead, 2009 ) have stated that there are about 200 million kids below the age of 5 who are unable to make their full potency in cognitive and societal development due to poverty, hapless wellness and nuitrition.In add-on each twelvemonth harmonizing to Gammage, ( 2008 ) merely 10 per centum of the universe s kids are born in rich states, the staying 90 per centum of the kids are born into poorness and they suffer from deficiency of nutrient, H2O, shelter and are exposed to serious diseases like AIDS, malaria, infantile paralysis and TB. Unfortunate households and kids around the universe are faced with many rivals in life for illustration, the kids and households in rural Malawi a state extremely infected with HIV / Aids where one repast a twenty-four hours was merely low-cost by most households, there was deficiency of support needed to supply health professionals with societal economic promotion which caused trouble in bring forthing income for the households therefore doing indense poorness. Social constructions were weak and resulted in no support from extended households and most of the individual parent were left to care for their single family.Further, there was no shared responsibilty between hubby and married woman and the individual female parent was left as breadwinner to care and back up her children.Children and household members infected with Aids were discriminated and the remainder did non tie in with those infected. Kholowa A ; Ellis, ( cited in Clark A ; Tucker, 2010 ) . In Botswana, immature kids were left at place entirely or with an older sibling who was taken out of school to look after the younger 1s while parents were at work.Due to limited instruction, there were fewer occupation chances for these parents and they could non afford to pay for child care services.Children left entirely at place or with an older sibling suffered accidents, Burnss and other exigencies and some had developmental or behavioural jobs due to improper attention.The above were besides practised by parents in Mexico and Vietnam harmonizing to Heymann, ( 2006 ) . All incidents discussed supra has one in common that is immature kids who are vulnerable and at hazard due to environmental and economic rivals ensuing in poorness, deficit of nutrient, deficiency in proper attention and instruction and at hazard of wellness and security. There was a demand for legal constructions, policy and execution schemes to turn to the demands and to protect these kids therefore the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( United Nations, 1989 ) a planetary policy development was set up on behalf of these immature kids. This essay is a brief effort of looking at why kids need the protection of the UNCRC and its purposes and the difference made to lives of kids. The UNCRC is an understanding by the authoritiess of different states around the universe on the rights all kids should hold below the age of 18 years.Lindsay, ( 2006 ) . Its purposes are to put criterions in bettering the life conditions and experiences of kids around the universe every bit good as to support them against disregard, maltreatment and development as stated by Alderson ( 2005 cited in Waller, 2005 ) . Although most of the states have signed up to the UNCRC, there is a argument over certain rights in footings of the benefits or impact it does to kids and different states seem to see the rights otherwise. A right harmonizing to Roosevelt, ( cited in Nigel A ; Thomas, 2004, p.135 ) is non something that person gives you it is something that cipher can take away . The UNCRC is made up of three different types of rights and they are protection rights, proviso rights and engagement rights. Alderson ( 2005, cited in Waller, 2005 ) . Basically, the protection and provision rights have establised guidelines guaranting for kids s safety and good -being and these rights have been accepted by most without much opposition. As stated in the UNCRC, ( Article 2 ) kids should non be discrimminated, ( Article 6 ) kids have the right to life and to guarantee they suvive and develop good, ( Article 19 ) kids should be protected from force and maltreatment, ( Article 24 ) -children have the right to outdo wellness attention, nutrient, H2O and clean environment, ( Article 28 ) kids have the right to instruction and ( Articles 31 to 35 ) all of which discusses the authoritiess protection on kids have been received with small dissension in the United Kingdom as stated by Lansdown ( cited in Nutbrown, 1996 ) . Besides holding to this, Ramesh, ( 2001 ) has emphasised that the above mentioned rights are substantial rights that are proviso for endurance and development of kids. As in Singapore, great accent and importance have been placed on the instruction and healthy good being of kids and they are good protected from force, maltreatment and disregard as harmonizing to UNCRC as mentioned in the jounal overview of the protection of kids in Singapore. ( Singapore s Children s Soceity, 2005 ) In footings of engagement right, ( Article 12 ) kids be given the right to do determinations, ( Article 13 ) the right for look with freedom and ( Article 14 ) kids be given the freedom of idea and pick of faith as defined by Alderson, et.al. ( 2005, cited in Waller, 2005 ) have received much of a argument on its deductions among different states. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned by Lansdown ( cited in Nutbrown,1996 ) there were public statements that kids should non to be given rights until they are capable of being responsible and that parents should guarantee that kids have understood and good informed of all information necessary for them in their pick of determination doing.It was argued that kids s age, adulthood and competency should besides be considered in order for them to take part in determination devising although it was highlighted that democratic determination devising processes whereby dialogue, sharing of information and devising grants within kids and house hold members has long term benefits in kids deriving assurance and to be socially responsible participants. Overall, it was mentioned that the infliction of rights have removed the childhood chances for kids. In Singapore, it was stated in the CRC drumhead study ( Nov, 2005 p.1 ) that Singapore has entered a declaration on article 12 to 17 and stated that kids s rights as mentioned in the CRC will be implemented with regard for the authorization, being parents at place, instructors at school and others whom the kid is entrusted with for caregiving. These will besides be exercised harmonizing to the best involvements of the kid every bit good as to the values, imposts and faiths of Singapore as it is a multiracial soceity. On the whole, the rights to kids use nevertheless it has to be with regard to the parents or health professionals as filial piousness is cultivated as portion of the imposts and values of Singaporeans. The impact of the CRC on the instruction of Singapore harmonizing to Teh, ( 2005 ) , in pattern all kids attend primary school as such there was no necessity to instil the right to do primary instruction compulsory in Singapore. However, in other developed states primary and secondary instruction have been made compulsory and in England parents had to register their kids at preschool degree. In footings of penalty, non violent signifiers of subject are adopted both at place and school in Singapore, nevertheless guidelines are given to school caputs on the direction of pupil dicipline. It has been stated that bodily penalty has non been wholly banned in other developed states while in USA it was left for the pedagogues to make up ones mind whether kids should be physically punished. Teh, ( 2005 ) . Teh, ( 2005 ) besides added that in Asia it was a believe to esteem a individual for his age, adulthood, cognition and societal position and as such it is the civilization of pupils in Singapore to esteem their parents and instructors. As mentioned by the Minister of Education in his address on educating the following coevals, ( 14 August, 2008 ) Singapore has been good respected for its instruction system and beyond the classs we will hold to instil our instruction system to leave values. The UNCRC was set up with an purpose of doing differences and alterations in lives of kids. However as discussed above some of the protection rights have been good received and adopted by the states that have signed and have benefited the kids, while on the other manus there are some that are unable to be to the full implemented due to the values, authorities policies and patterns of the single states and the impact on its parents and children.Whether the UNCRC has brought about alterations in the lives of kids would truly depend on the single state and its govenment, policies, civilization and the grownups who are involved in the lives of kids. As stated by Verhellan, ( 1996, cited in Ramesh, 2001 p.1950 ) that the national commission on the rights of the kid should be set up in each state to undertake the regional specificities. Every state developing its ain CRC harmonizing to its policies, values, civilization and needs utilizing the UNCRC as a guieline would likely be another alternate manner to break implement and safeguard kids s rights and at the same clip be good to further protect kids.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Cosmology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cosmology - Research Paper Example Even though the attention is on fact foundations, spatially fixed spectroscopy of prolonged sources is also concisely discussed. Argument of variance extinction, the effect of crowding, multi-object techniques, optimal abstractions, flat-fielding deliberations, and decisive centrifugal velocities and velocity dispersions provide the spectroscopies with the fundamentals needed to obtain the superlative data. Finally the essay conglomerates the preceding material by providing some examples of real life observing experiences with several typical instruments. Spectroscopy is the study of light emissions and absorptions.It’s is a technique of spectroscopy used in space science. It can as well be defined as the object of learning is the band of electromagnetic radiation, this includes visible light, which emits from stars and other astronomic objects. Spectroscopy sometimes is used to develop many properties of faraway stars and galaxies, e.g. their chemical structure and motion, via the Doppler shift.it’s one of the fundamental tools at an astronomer’s disposal, allowing one to determine the chemical structures, physical chattels, and radial velocities of astronomical sources. Spectroscopy is the means used to measure the dark matter content of galaxies, the masses of two stars in orbit about each other, the mass of a cluster of galaxies, the rate of expansion of the Universe, or ascertain an exoplanet nearby other stars, all using the Doppler shift. It makes it possible for the astronomer to determine the physical co nditions in distant stars and nebulae, including the chemical elements and temperatures, by quantitative analysis of the strengths of spectral features, thus constraining models of chemical enrichment in galaxies and the evolution of the space, the same way a famous astronomer defines it, â€Å"You may not perform astrophysics just by captivating images through little colored fragments

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Car industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Car industry - Essay Example choosing cars is because the automotive industry forms the economic sector that is most symbolic of the modern times as well as the environmental consequences of modernity. The effect of the automobile, as well as the auto-centered transport system on U.S.’s ecology and the world over has been large. From the production process to its end of life, automobiles consume resources; pollute land, air and water in addition to transforming space. The production of cars needs collecting many quantities of metals, plastic, glass and rubber plus other materials, and then assembling tens of thousands of vehicles through machine and human labor (McGranahan & Murray 2012, p. 45). This process of production itself uses gigantic amount of energy, plus the factory output creates its own range of pollutants. Once the automobile is on the road, they are the main consumers of gas and oil, which stimulates deeper drilling, transporting plus refining of petroleum products so as the meet the increasing demands. Because the internal combustion engine still dominates automobile propulsion, vehicles give out huge volumes of pollution in form of noise, air emission, disp osable parts and used oil (Melosi n.d., p. 1). Scrapped or derelict vehicles pile up once vehicles conclude their productive lives. Beyond their roles as artifacts and polluters, cars have transformed towns and the entire country more than any other technology ever created by human beings. In spite of their dramatic effect, the ecological history of automobile is hard to depict (Gasana et al., 2012, p. 36). This is because, over the years, vehicles have be considered both as a benefactor and also a threat, as a advantage to freedom, individualism and liberation and as the bane of contemporary society. By the turn of the 20th century what had only been a technical curiosity, a noise-belching menace to humans and a rich man’s plaything, started to gain acceptance (Melosi n.d., p. 1). Optimists touted the automobile as a

Monday, November 18, 2019

Total cost minimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Total cost minimization - Essay Example This essay paper provides a detailed discussion about information gathering, individual and teamwork, written communication skills, communication tools, professionalism, relationship, economics and project management in relation to Ford Company and its bid to minimize its total cost Information gathering It has been necessary for Ford to conduct an internal investigation and gather information. The investigations have been to assess performance levels, safety concerns, employee misconduct, harm to property, sexual harassment, attitude, employee capability, and theft cases. Internal investigations are done to resolve challenges or avoid moral hazards. This has helped Ford company avoid substantial legal and financial costs. A poorly done internal investigation could lead to negative effects such as negative publicity, distraction of employees from their work, a leeway to moral hazards among employees and negative impact on employee morale. These negative effects will create unnecessar y costs. The company has been thorough when it comes to internal investigation and corrective measures, and has managed to reduce the costs related to the mentioned effects. Prior to engaging in any investigation, the technical team select among the alternatives methods, the cheapest and most effective, to reduce costs involve (Banham, Russ & Newman 24) 6. Individual and teamwork 6b. Individual and teamwork Working as an individual is beneficial amongst few persons who are productive when doing a task as an individual. However, Teamwork is fundamental for entrepreneurs. Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Company was a great achiever because he believed in teamwork. In 1947 Ford Henry said that working together eventually boosts success. This allowed the management team to ride on an indefinite mandate to set up skilled and motivated task force. It is cheaper to harmonize the goals of employees with that of the Ford Company, than to face individual employees. The sense of team spirit wi ll automatically influence employees who appear incorrigible. Ford’s success is likely to rely on teamwork. (Hitt & Michael, p 15) Communication Skills a. written Communication is fundamental for success of an organization. Communication channels define the path that information follows from one employee to another. Ford Company has an effective communication channels both for external and internal communication between employees. Henry ford, founder of Ford Company considers listening as secret to success. Ford’s human resource department considers poor listeners as expensive employees. In bid to minimize communication related cost, verbal communication is preferred when exchanging personal information within the Company. Written communication is also preferred when handling Company related information, which requires verification. Consequently, the company has a programme designed to develop employees writing and listening skills. Additionally, they are trained on co st effective use of the available communication resources (Hitt & Michael 21) 7c. Communication tools Ford Company has been using several communication tools to inform their customers on various products on offer. Among them are advertisement, sales endorsement, publicity, personal vending and public relation. Companies use various combinations of these tools for marketing purposes. Whereas promotion involves fee payment, sales promotion, public relations, and personal vending are not. In the company’s attempt to minimize cost, it has resorted to use of communication tools such as sales endorsement, publicity, personal vending and public relations. They have involved a great utilization of the internet resources to reach their clients in various geographical locations. The internet resource has played a very significant role in valuable time administration because numerous

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem 3. The Rise of New Interpretation 4. Merits of the New Interpretation 5. Conclusion References 1. Introduction The Sen’s theorem has an important impact on the decision and social choice theory. In the Nobel Prize lecture of 1998, Sen said that discovering the societal decision rules will be the main objective of the choice theory. However, Sen found it is difficult to achieve this objective in his paper of â€Å"Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal† (Sen, 1970a, b, 1976c). Sen’s theorem states that it is impossible to achieve the minimal aspect of liberalism when it is combined with the Pareto condition. According to the theorem of Sen, it seems that there is a fundamental conflict between the Pareto welfare concepts and the liberalism. After this argument, there is a pooling of studies that focus on the individual rights and there are also studies that find new interpretation for the theorem of Sen. According to Saari and his collaborators, the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. This essay will mainly explain how this interpretation arises and discuss its merits relative to the original interpretation offered by Sen. The essay will be structured as follow: in the second session, the essay will briefly introduce the Sen’s Theorem regarding to the conflicting results between Pareto Optimal and Liberalism. Examples will also be used to better illustrate the choice decisions. In the third session, the essay will how and why there will be new interpretations of the theorem of Sen. Particularly, the essay will base its argument on the research results of Saari and his collaborators. In the fourth session, the essay will discuss the merits of the new interpretation compared with the interpretation by Sen himself. In the last session, a brief conclusion will be made based on the analysis in the previous se ssion. 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem The Sens impossibility of a paretian libertarian theorem or Sens paradox Paratian liberal states that weak Pareto criterion and liberalism may have conflicts on the fundamental level, which indicated that the Pareto criterion is flawed. On one hand, it shows that the Pareto criteria only consider aspects of difference in efficiency among relevant states while ignoring the individual utility conflicts arising because of these states. On the other hand, the theorem also shows the in addition to considering some reasonable internal conditions, one also needs to consider issues such as liberalism for social order decision making. According to Sen, there are some choices that are purely of personal nature, such as the state (x) means everything else in the society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping supine, state (y) means everything else in society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping prostrate. If A has a preference of y than x, while many others in the society prefer the opposite, then it can be consid ered that social choice between x and y is a purely personal thing, because A is the only a real person that is related to the choice while other people are just nosy person. It can also be considered that one can choose one such a collective choice rule where As preference should be accurately reflected by social preferences in this purely personal nature choices (Sen, 1970). Based on this point, Sen emphasizes that people should pay attention to the study of individual rights and other issues affecting the social choice order and decision making. The new welfare economics and welfare economics research before the new welfare economics are consciously or unconsciously avoid these problems. Sen (1970) found that the Pareto criterion is incompatible with liberalism. Pareto optimality is used by the economists and other social scientists to measure the efficiency of society, which is also the the most common and widespread, even the only indicator. It refers to such a state that we are good as it gets, no one can make an additional welfare without compromising the welfare of others. And the principles of individual freedom are the relentless pursuit of mankind, both of which are on the intuition that people can fully accept and understand. However, Sens theorem shows that these two attractive standards are contradictory and cannot be simultaneously true. 3. The Rise of New Interpretation There are three assumptions that Sen’s theorem is based on and the realistic of these assumptions will be one reason why there will be new interpretations for the Sen’s theorem. First, the essay will briefly introduce the assumptions related to the Sen’s theorem. An unrestricted area principle; The Pareto principle; The minimum principles of liberalism (ML), which states society should give at least two people the right to choose between at least a pair of social status. If one thinks that A better than B, then society should not interfere and should agree with the preference. With Sens words, if you want sleeping supine and did not want to sleep prostrate, the society should agree with it. However, Sen also prove that for two or more people in the society, there exist no social choice functions that simultaneously satisfy these above three conditions because there will be the similar results of cyclical Condorcet voting paradox revealed by Arrow Impossibility Theorem when Pareto optimal is in combination with a minimum principle of liberalism. Sen’s theorem on freedom of the Pareto impossibility can be accurately described as: there does not exist the collective decision rule that meets the following conditions. The first condition is a sort of rational conditions. The sort is reflexive, relevance, and the preference relation is not circulating. Reflexive means for any choice x has xRx, which indicates that any choice is at least as good as its own. Relevance means for any two options, there must be xRy or yRx or both. The second condition is weak Pareto criterion. For any choice of x and y, if everyone i think xPiy, then the society also thinks that xPy. The third condition is the minimal liberalism. In this condition, there are two non-empty, disjoint subsets L1 and L2, two different options for the (a, b) and (c, d), if everyone in L1 considers a is better than b, then the society also thinks that a is better than b; if everyone in L1 thinks that b is better than a, then b is also better than a for the society. Similarly, if everyone in L2 believes that c is better than d, then the society also thinks that c is better than d; if everyone in L2 thinks d is better than c, then the society t hinks also that d is better than c. The two groups were decisive on the choice between the two groups. Anyone is free to do what he likes to do, which means there are some choices that are entirely personal, personal preferences should not be affected by some other people. How to walk out of Sens paradox? Mueller has proposed two solutions in the â€Å"public choice theory . One is to let the Pareto principle in some cases to comply with the right to liberalism. The other is through Pareto transactions. As Mueller noted, the matrix is similar to game theory, for example a state in the famous prisoners dilemma, and the Pareto inferior results are due to the independent exercise of each person in his own right, regardless of the damage to others such externalities. The results of Sen’s theorem are established mainly through examples. There are no rigorous proofs on the results why there will be inconsistency of minimal liberalism and Pareto conditions. The results are basically based on the assumption that there are conflicts between the Pareto Conditions and the Minimal Liberalism. There are questions keep asking whether the assumption is true and what if the cyclic societal rankings are not due to these conditions? In fact, in 1998 and 2001, Saari argues that the real reason of the seminal result of Sen’s theorem is not related to the nature of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. The reason is that Pareto conditions and Minimal Liberalism needs the societal rankings to be made over pairs, which dismiss the transitivity of individual preferences. Therefore, it is not the conflicts between societal need and individual rights that undermine the assumption of individual rationality; it is the concentration of pairs that leads to the ignorance of individual rationality. And Saari also made geometric proof on this argument, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. 4. Merits of the New Interpretation There are several advantages of the new interpretation compared to the one that Sen present in the original version. First of all, the theorem carried out by Saari and his collaborates are proved using geometric proof, instead of using only examples and assumptions to derive the final results. In addition, the new interpretation can explain all the examples used by Sen in his prior papers and the new interpretation also supports Sen’s own interpretation that the three conditions in Sen’s theorem force the decisions to be made by ignoring the individual rationality. The new interpretation also thinks that the decision rule also wants to meet the demand in the cyclic preference (Saari 2001; Saari and Petron, 2004). Secondly, the geometric proof of the new interpretations has identified all possible profiles that support any examples of Sen’s model. In addition, Saari and his collaborates have also significantly expanded on earlier observations by providing a new statistical interpretation for Sen’s Theorem. And they also conclude that the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. Thirdly, the new interpretation has pointed a new direction for the movements of individual rights. Compared with the interpretation by Sen, the new interpretation focus more on the intensity minimal liberalism, which will leads to social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes and at the same time satisfy weak Pareto conditions. They pointed out the deeper reason of the ignorance of individual rationality instead of concluding that the reason is because of the inconsistency of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. 5. Conclusion As discussed in the previous session, the Sen’s theorem provides a good direction for the research of individual rights. And there are many researchers working on the topic to find new interpretation for the seminal results of Sen’s theory. Saari and his collaborates find that Minimal Liberalism makes some of the information in the society irrelevant. However, depending on that information, individual preferences may or may not be transitive. Therefore, they conclude that Minimal Liberalism makes transitivity information irrelevant and this happens for any possible example of Sen’s cycles. They find a way to solve this problem and the response to this is to modify Minimal Liberalism in a way that is sensitive to transitivity information. They use the Intensity Minimal Liberalism (IML), which is a decisive that agent can impose his preferences only when the choice does not create a strong negative externality for some other agent. And they finally find that there are social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes that satisfy weak Pareto and IML, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. The new interpretation finds a more appropriate way to proof Sen’s theorem and expends Sen’s theorem in several aspects. References Li, I. and D.G. Saari 2008. ‘Sen’s theorem: geometric proof, new interpretations’, Social Choice and Welfare 31: 393-413. Focus especially on pages 393-401. Petron, A and D.G. Saari 2006. `Negative externalities and Sens liberalism theorem, Economic Theory 28: 265-281. Read Sections 1 to 4. Saari, D. G. (1995). Basic Geometry of Voting, Springer-Verlag, New York Saari, D. G. (1998). Connecting and resolving Sen’s and Arrow’s Theorems, Social Choice Welfare 15, 239-261 Saari, D. G. (2001). Decisions and Elections; Explaining the Unexpected, Cambridge University Press, New York Saari, D. G., and Petron, A. (2004). (April), Negative Externalities and Sen’s Liberalism Theorem, IMBS working papers, University of California, Irvine, to appear in Economic Theory,June, 2006. Saari, D. G. and Sieberg, K. (2001). The sum of the parts can violate the whole, American Political Science Review 95, 415-433. Salles, M. (1997). On Modelling Individual Rights: Some Conceptual Issues: Discussion; p 129-133 in Social Choice Re-examined, Vol. 2; Ed. by K. J. Arrow, A. K. Sen, and K. Suzumura,St Martin’s Press New York. Sen, A. K. (1966). A Possibility Theorem on Majority Decisions, Econometrica, 34(2), 491-09. Sen, A. K. (1970a). Collective Choice and Social Welfare, Holden-Day, San Francisco. Sen, A. K. (1970b). The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal, The journal of Political Economy, 78(1), 152-57. Sen, A. K. (1976). Liberty, Unanimity and Rights, Economica 43(171), 217-45. Sen, A. K., Liberty and Social Choice, Journal of Philosophy, 80(1), 5-28. Sen, A. K. (1992) Minimal Liberty, Economica, 59 (234), 139-60. Sen, A. K. (1999) The possibility of social choice. The American Economic Review 89 (3), 349-378

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Silent Film Meets the Talkies: A Brief History Essay example -- Film M

Silent Film Meets the Talkies: A Brief History A gambling man, Governor Leland Stanford of California needed visual proof to win a bet he had eagerly placed. Governor Stanford firmly believed that at some point in their stride, horses had all four hooves off the ground at the same time. After hiring a photographer who was to no avail, the Governor brought in John D. Isaacs, the chief engineer for the Southern Pacific Railroad, to have a look at the situation. Isaacs decided to rig up a system of magnetic releases to trigger a series of cameras, twelve total, as the horse ran down the track (Everson, 17). Mounting these images on a rotating disk and projecting them on a screen through a special lantern, they produced a moving picture of the horse at full gallop as it had occurred in real life (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1211). American cinema's next big break came with beginning of World War I. Until this period, the industry had been dominated by France, Italy, and Germany, particularly in the area of feature length presentations and the construction of permanent theaters. However, when the war broke out in Europe, film production abroad nearly ceased due to the overlap of chemicals used in film and the manufacturing of gunpowder (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1213). Simultaneously, American Cinema experienced a period on unprecedented prosperity and growth. By the end of the war, when the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, 90 percent of all films screened in Europe, Africa, and Asia were American (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1213). Germany however, was the exception, because it had been cut off from America since 1914. When the Germans did finally reconnect with the world, the United States benefited greatly from their techn... ...me box office hits, regardless of the acting or recording quality. As talkies became more refined and commonplace, silent films started to dwindle. A backlash occurred and these pantomimed movies were labeled as the true art (Geduld, 253). Yet, nothing could be done to slow down the continual development of cinema as sound poured out of studios on a daily basis. In fact, this new cinematic style was so popular, the film industry turned out to be one of the few prosperous enterprises during the Depression (Geduld, 253). Works Cited Ellis, Jack C. A History of Film. eedham Heights, Mass: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britanica Inc.; vol. 24, 15th ed. Chicago, IL: 1995. Everson, William K. American Silent Film. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978. Geduld, Harry M. The Birth of the Talkies. London: Indiana Univ. Press, 1975.