Fall Down, Never Get Up Again by La Dispute free essay sample

La Dispute is a five piece post-hardcore band from Michigan that formed in 2004. They are composed of vocalist Jordan Dreyer, drummer Brad Vander Lugt, guitarists Chad Sterenberg and Kevin Whittemore and Bassist Adam Vass. They distribute their albums through No Sleep Records. In 2008, they released their debut album Somewhere at the Bottom of the River Between Vega and Altair. La Dispute uses many extended metaphors and other literary devices to add imagery to their music. Their songs have a deep meaning and they apply their own interpretation from some lines of the Edgar Allen Poe poem, Annabel Lee. Lead singer Jordan Dreyer says â€Å"In general, I think boxing art into categories only serves as a way to exclude people from exploring different variations of the same thing. I think the only real definition between artists exists in their intentions for creating art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although he does not like to categorize his music, La Dispute is described as hardcore influenced by bl ues and spoken word. We will write a custom essay sample on Fall Down, Never Get Up Again by La Dispute or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"So tell me, what is there to fear You think some seraph up above is trying to rob us of our love Because the sky’s not clear My dear†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I specifically love La Dispute because they put a lot of emotion in their music, which is not something you get from a lot of artists recently. There are also many meanings that one can take from their music based solely on his or her personal life. I think this is great because it relates to a variety of people.

Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Example

Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Example Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Children and families and the challenges they face in Malawai Essay Children being valued members of the household and future investors to the state demand to be given the best in the early old ages to larn and develop holistically to win in subsequently life.However, research surveies by Grantham -McGregor ( 2007, cited in Blatchford and Woodhead, 2009 ) have stated that there are about 200 million kids below the age of 5 who are unable to make their full potency in cognitive and societal development due to poverty, hapless wellness and nuitrition.In add-on each twelvemonth harmonizing to Gammage, ( 2008 ) merely 10 per centum of the universe s kids are born in rich states, the staying 90 per centum of the kids are born into poorness and they suffer from deficiency of nutrient, H2O, shelter and are exposed to serious diseases like AIDS, malaria, infantile paralysis and TB. Unfortunate households and kids around the universe are faced with many rivals in life for illustration, the kids and households in rural Malawi a state extremely infected with HIV / Aids where one repast a twenty-four hours was merely low-cost by most households, there was deficiency of support needed to supply health professionals with societal economic promotion which caused trouble in bring forthing income for the households therefore doing indense poorness. Social constructions were weak and resulted in no support from extended households and most of the individual parent were left to care for their single family.Further, there was no shared responsibilty between hubby and married woman and the individual female parent was left as breadwinner to care and back up her children.Children and household members infected with Aids were discriminated and the remainder did non tie in with those infected. Kholowa A ; Ellis, ( cited in Clark A ; Tucker, 2010 ) . In Botswana, immature kids were left at place entirely or with an older sibling who was taken out of school to look after the younger 1s while parents were at work.Due to limited instruction, there were fewer occupation chances for these parents and they could non afford to pay for child care services.Children left entirely at place or with an older sibling suffered accidents, Burnss and other exigencies and some had developmental or behavioural jobs due to improper attention.The above were besides practised by parents in Mexico and Vietnam harmonizing to Heymann, ( 2006 ) . All incidents discussed supra has one in common that is immature kids who are vulnerable and at hazard due to environmental and economic rivals ensuing in poorness, deficit of nutrient, deficiency in proper attention and instruction and at hazard of wellness and security. There was a demand for legal constructions, policy and execution schemes to turn to the demands and to protect these kids therefore the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( United Nations, 1989 ) a planetary policy development was set up on behalf of these immature kids. This essay is a brief effort of looking at why kids need the protection of the UNCRC and its purposes and the difference made to lives of kids. The UNCRC is an understanding by the authoritiess of different states around the universe on the rights all kids should hold below the age of 18 years.Lindsay, ( 2006 ) . Its purposes are to put criterions in bettering the life conditions and experiences of kids around the universe every bit good as to support them against disregard, maltreatment and development as stated by Alderson ( 2005 cited in Waller, 2005 ) . Although most of the states have signed up to the UNCRC, there is a argument over certain rights in footings of the benefits or impact it does to kids and different states seem to see the rights otherwise. A right harmonizing to Roosevelt, ( cited in Nigel A ; Thomas, 2004, p.135 ) is non something that person gives you it is something that cipher can take away . The UNCRC is made up of three different types of rights and they are protection rights, proviso rights and engagement rights. Alderson ( 2005, cited in Waller, 2005 ) . Basically, the protection and provision rights have establised guidelines guaranting for kids s safety and good -being and these rights have been accepted by most without much opposition. As stated in the UNCRC, ( Article 2 ) kids should non be discrimminated, ( Article 6 ) kids have the right to life and to guarantee they suvive and develop good, ( Article 19 ) kids should be protected from force and maltreatment, ( Article 24 ) -children have the right to outdo wellness attention, nutrient, H2O and clean environment, ( Article 28 ) kids have the right to instruction and ( Articles 31 to 35 ) all of which discusses the authoritiess protection on kids have been received with small dissension in the United Kingdom as stated by Lansdown ( cited in Nutbrown, 1996 ) . Besides holding to this, Ramesh, ( 2001 ) has emphasised that the above mentioned rights are substantial rights that are proviso for endurance and development of kids. As in Singapore, great accent and importance have been placed on the instruction and healthy good being of kids and they are good protected from force, maltreatment and disregard as harmonizing to UNCRC as mentioned in the jounal overview of the protection of kids in Singapore. ( Singapore s Children s Soceity, 2005 ) In footings of engagement right, ( Article 12 ) kids be given the right to do determinations, ( Article 13 ) the right for look with freedom and ( Article 14 ) kids be given the freedom of idea and pick of faith as defined by Alderson, et.al. ( 2005, cited in Waller, 2005 ) have received much of a argument on its deductions among different states. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned by Lansdown ( cited in Nutbrown,1996 ) there were public statements that kids should non to be given rights until they are capable of being responsible and that parents should guarantee that kids have understood and good informed of all information necessary for them in their pick of determination doing.It was argued that kids s age, adulthood and competency should besides be considered in order for them to take part in determination devising although it was highlighted that democratic determination devising processes whereby dialogue, sharing of information and devising grants within kids and house hold members has long term benefits in kids deriving assurance and to be socially responsible participants. Overall, it was mentioned that the infliction of rights have removed the childhood chances for kids. In Singapore, it was stated in the CRC drumhead study ( Nov, 2005 p.1 ) that Singapore has entered a declaration on article 12 to 17 and stated that kids s rights as mentioned in the CRC will be implemented with regard for the authorization, being parents at place, instructors at school and others whom the kid is entrusted with for caregiving. These will besides be exercised harmonizing to the best involvements of the kid every bit good as to the values, imposts and faiths of Singapore as it is a multiracial soceity. On the whole, the rights to kids use nevertheless it has to be with regard to the parents or health professionals as filial piousness is cultivated as portion of the imposts and values of Singaporeans. The impact of the CRC on the instruction of Singapore harmonizing to Teh, ( 2005 ) , in pattern all kids attend primary school as such there was no necessity to instil the right to do primary instruction compulsory in Singapore. However, in other developed states primary and secondary instruction have been made compulsory and in England parents had to register their kids at preschool degree. In footings of penalty, non violent signifiers of subject are adopted both at place and school in Singapore, nevertheless guidelines are given to school caputs on the direction of pupil dicipline. It has been stated that bodily penalty has non been wholly banned in other developed states while in USA it was left for the pedagogues to make up ones mind whether kids should be physically punished. Teh, ( 2005 ) . Teh, ( 2005 ) besides added that in Asia it was a believe to esteem a individual for his age, adulthood, cognition and societal position and as such it is the civilization of pupils in Singapore to esteem their parents and instructors. As mentioned by the Minister of Education in his address on educating the following coevals, ( 14 August, 2008 ) Singapore has been good respected for its instruction system and beyond the classs we will hold to instil our instruction system to leave values. The UNCRC was set up with an purpose of doing differences and alterations in lives of kids. However as discussed above some of the protection rights have been good received and adopted by the states that have signed and have benefited the kids, while on the other manus there are some that are unable to be to the full implemented due to the values, authorities policies and patterns of the single states and the impact on its parents and children.Whether the UNCRC has brought about alterations in the lives of kids would truly depend on the single state and its govenment, policies, civilization and the grownups who are involved in the lives of kids. As stated by Verhellan, ( 1996, cited in Ramesh, 2001 p.1950 ) that the national commission on the rights of the kid should be set up in each state to undertake the regional specificities. Every state developing its ain CRC harmonizing to its policies, values, civilization and needs utilizing the UNCRC as a guieline would likely be another alternate manner to break implement and safeguard kids s rights and at the same clip be good to further protect kids.

Cosmology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Cosmology - Research Paper Example Even though the attention is on fact foundations, spatially fixed spectroscopy of prolonged sources is also concisely discussed. Argument of variance extinction, the effect of crowding, multi-object techniques, optimal abstractions, flat-fielding deliberations, and decisive centrifugal velocities and velocity dispersions provide the spectroscopies with the fundamentals needed to obtain the superlative data. Finally the essay conglomerates the preceding material by providing some examples of real life observing experiences with several typical instruments. Spectroscopy is the study of light emissions and absorptions.It’s is a technique of spectroscopy used in space science. It can as well be defined as the object of learning is the band of electromagnetic radiation, this includes visible light, which emits from stars and other astronomic objects. Spectroscopy sometimes is used to develop many properties of faraway stars and galaxies, e.g. their chemical structure and motion, via the Doppler shift.it’s one of the fundamental tools at an astronomer’s disposal, allowing one to determine the chemical structures, physical chattels, and radial velocities of astronomical sources. Spectroscopy is the means used to measure the dark matter content of galaxies, the masses of two stars in orbit about each other, the mass of a cluster of galaxies, the rate of expansion of the Universe, or ascertain an exoplanet nearby other stars, all using the Doppler shift. It makes it possible for the astronomer to determine the physical co nditions in distant stars and nebulae, including the chemical elements and temperatures, by quantitative analysis of the strengths of spectral features, thus constraining models of chemical enrichment in galaxies and the evolution of the space, the same way a famous astronomer defines it, â€Å"You may not perform astrophysics just by captivating images through little colored fragments

Car industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Car industry - Essay Example choosing cars is because the automotive industry forms the economic sector that is most symbolic of the modern times as well as the environmental consequences of modernity. The effect of the automobile, as well as the auto-centered transport system on U.S.’s ecology and the world over has been large. From the production process to its end of life, automobiles consume resources; pollute land, air and water in addition to transforming space. The production of cars needs collecting many quantities of metals, plastic, glass and rubber plus other materials, and then assembling tens of thousands of vehicles through machine and human labor (McGranahan & Murray 2012, p. 45). This process of production itself uses gigantic amount of energy, plus the factory output creates its own range of pollutants. Once the automobile is on the road, they are the main consumers of gas and oil, which stimulates deeper drilling, transporting plus refining of petroleum products so as the meet the increasing demands. Because the internal combustion engine still dominates automobile propulsion, vehicles give out huge volumes of pollution in form of noise, air emission, disp osable parts and used oil (Melosi n.d., p. 1). Scrapped or derelict vehicles pile up once vehicles conclude their productive lives. Beyond their roles as artifacts and polluters, cars have transformed towns and the entire country more than any other technology ever created by human beings. In spite of their dramatic effect, the ecological history of automobile is hard to depict (Gasana et al., 2012, p. 36). This is because, over the years, vehicles have be considered both as a benefactor and also a threat, as a advantage to freedom, individualism and liberation and as the bane of contemporary society. By the turn of the 20th century what had only been a technical curiosity, a noise-belching menace to humans and a rich man’s plaything, started to gain acceptance (Melosi n.d., p. 1). Optimists touted the automobile as a

Total cost minimization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Total cost minimization - Essay Example This essay paper provides a detailed discussion about information gathering, individual and teamwork, written communication skills, communication tools, professionalism, relationship, economics and project management in relation to Ford Company and its bid to minimize its total cost Information gathering It has been necessary for Ford to conduct an internal investigation and gather information. The investigations have been to assess performance levels, safety concerns, employee misconduct, harm to property, sexual harassment, attitude, employee capability, and theft cases. Internal investigations are done to resolve challenges or avoid moral hazards. This has helped Ford company avoid substantial legal and financial costs. A poorly done internal investigation could lead to negative effects such as negative publicity, distraction of employees from their work, a leeway to moral hazards among employees and negative impact on employee morale. These negative effects will create unnecessar y costs. The company has been thorough when it comes to internal investigation and corrective measures, and has managed to reduce the costs related to the mentioned effects. Prior to engaging in any investigation, the technical team select among the alternatives methods, the cheapest and most effective, to reduce costs involve (Banham, Russ & Newman 24) 6. Individual and teamwork 6b. Individual and teamwork Working as an individual is beneficial amongst few persons who are productive when doing a task as an individual. However, Teamwork is fundamental for entrepreneurs. Henry Ford, the founder of Ford Company was a great achiever because he believed in teamwork. In 1947 Ford Henry said that working together eventually boosts success. This allowed the management team to ride on an indefinite mandate to set up skilled and motivated task force. It is cheaper to harmonize the goals of employees with that of the Ford Company, than to face individual employees. The sense of team spirit wi ll automatically influence employees who appear incorrigible. Ford’s success is likely to rely on teamwork. (Hitt & Michael, p 15) Communication Skills a. written Communication is fundamental for success of an organization. Communication channels define the path that information follows from one employee to another. Ford Company has an effective communication channels both for external and internal communication between employees. Henry ford, founder of Ford Company considers listening as secret to success. Ford’s human resource department considers poor listeners as expensive employees. In bid to minimize communication related cost, verbal communication is preferred when exchanging personal information within the Company. Written communication is also preferred when handling Company related information, which requires verification. Consequently, the company has a programme designed to develop employees writing and listening skills. Additionally, they are trained on co st effective use of the available communication resources (Hitt & Michael 21) 7c. Communication tools Ford Company has been using several communication tools to inform their customers on various products on offer. Among them are advertisement, sales endorsement, publicity, personal vending and public relation. Companies use various combinations of these tools for marketing purposes. Whereas promotion involves fee payment, sales promotion, public relations, and personal vending are not. In the company’s attempt to minimize cost, it has resorted to use of communication tools such as sales endorsement, publicity, personal vending and public relations. They have involved a great utilization of the internet resources to reach their clients in various geographical locations. The internet resource has played a very significant role in valuable time administration because numerous

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem 3. The Rise of New Interpretation 4. Merits of the New Interpretation 5. Conclusion References 1. Introduction The Sen’s theorem has an important impact on the decision and social choice theory. In the Nobel Prize lecture of 1998, Sen said that discovering the societal decision rules will be the main objective of the choice theory. However, Sen found it is difficult to achieve this objective in his paper of â€Å"Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal† (Sen, 1970a, b, 1976c). Sen’s theorem states that it is impossible to achieve the minimal aspect of liberalism when it is combined with the Pareto condition. According to the theorem of Sen, it seems that there is a fundamental conflict between the Pareto welfare concepts and the liberalism. After this argument, there is a pooling of studies that focus on the individual rights and there are also studies that find new interpretation for the theorem of Sen. According to Saari and his collaborators, the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. This essay will mainly explain how this interpretation arises and discuss its merits relative to the original interpretation offered by Sen. The essay will be structured as follow: in the second session, the essay will briefly introduce the Sen’s Theorem regarding to the conflicting results between Pareto Optimal and Liberalism. Examples will also be used to better illustrate the choice decisions. In the third session, the essay will how and why there will be new interpretations of the theorem of Sen. Particularly, the essay will base its argument on the research results of Saari and his collaborators. In the fourth session, the essay will discuss the merits of the new interpretation compared with the interpretation by Sen himself. In the last session, a brief conclusion will be made based on the analysis in the previous se ssion. 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem The Sens impossibility of a paretian libertarian theorem or Sens paradox Paratian liberal states that weak Pareto criterion and liberalism may have conflicts on the fundamental level, which indicated that the Pareto criterion is flawed. On one hand, it shows that the Pareto criteria only consider aspects of difference in efficiency among relevant states while ignoring the individual utility conflicts arising because of these states. On the other hand, the theorem also shows the in addition to considering some reasonable internal conditions, one also needs to consider issues such as liberalism for social order decision making. According to Sen, there are some choices that are purely of personal nature, such as the state (x) means everything else in the society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping supine, state (y) means everything else in society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping prostrate. If A has a preference of y than x, while many others in the society prefer the opposite, then it can be consid ered that social choice between x and y is a purely personal thing, because A is the only a real person that is related to the choice while other people are just nosy person. It can also be considered that one can choose one such a collective choice rule where As preference should be accurately reflected by social preferences in this purely personal nature choices (Sen, 1970). Based on this point, Sen emphasizes that people should pay attention to the study of individual rights and other issues affecting the social choice order and decision making. The new welfare economics and welfare economics research before the new welfare economics are consciously or unconsciously avoid these problems. Sen (1970) found that the Pareto criterion is incompatible with liberalism. Pareto optimality is used by the economists and other social scientists to measure the efficiency of society, which is also the the most common and widespread, even the only indicator. It refers to such a state that we are good as it gets, no one can make an additional welfare without compromising the welfare of others. And the principles of individual freedom are the relentless pursuit of mankind, both of which are on the intuition that people can fully accept and understand. However, Sens theorem shows that these two attractive standards are contradictory and cannot be simultaneously true. 3. The Rise of New Interpretation There are three assumptions that Sen’s theorem is based on and the realistic of these assumptions will be one reason why there will be new interpretations for the Sen’s theorem. First, the essay will briefly introduce the assumptions related to the Sen’s theorem. An unrestricted area principle; The Pareto principle; The minimum principles of liberalism (ML), which states society should give at least two people the right to choose between at least a pair of social status. If one thinks that A better than B, then society should not interfere and should agree with the preference. With Sens words, if you want sleeping supine and did not want to sleep prostrate, the society should agree with it. However, Sen also prove that for two or more people in the society, there exist no social choice functions that simultaneously satisfy these above three conditions because there will be the similar results of cyclical Condorcet voting paradox revealed by Arrow Impossibility Theorem when Pareto optimal is in combination with a minimum principle of liberalism. Sen’s theorem on freedom of the Pareto impossibility can be accurately described as: there does not exist the collective decision rule that meets the following conditions. The first condition is a sort of rational conditions. The sort is reflexive, relevance, and the preference relation is not circulating. Reflexive means for any choice x has xRx, which indicates that any choice is at least as good as its own. Relevance means for any two options, there must be xRy or yRx or both. The second condition is weak Pareto criterion. For any choice of x and y, if everyone i think xPiy, then the society also thinks that xPy. The third condition is the minimal liberalism. In this condition, there are two non-empty, disjoint subsets L1 and L2, two different options for the (a, b) and (c, d), if everyone in L1 considers a is better than b, then the society also thinks that a is better than b; if everyone in L1 thinks that b is better than a, then b is also better than a for the society. Similarly, if everyone in L2 believes that c is better than d, then the society also thinks that c is better than d; if everyone in L2 thinks d is better than c, then the society t hinks also that d is better than c. The two groups were decisive on the choice between the two groups. Anyone is free to do what he likes to do, which means there are some choices that are entirely personal, personal preferences should not be affected by some other people. How to walk out of Sens paradox? Mueller has proposed two solutions in the â€Å"public choice theory . One is to let the Pareto principle in some cases to comply with the right to liberalism. The other is through Pareto transactions. As Mueller noted, the matrix is similar to game theory, for example a state in the famous prisoners dilemma, and the Pareto inferior results are due to the independent exercise of each person in his own right, regardless of the damage to others such externalities. The results of Sen’s theorem are established mainly through examples. There are no rigorous proofs on the results why there will be inconsistency of minimal liberalism and Pareto conditions. The results are basically based on the assumption that there are conflicts between the Pareto Conditions and the Minimal Liberalism. There are questions keep asking whether the assumption is true and what if the cyclic societal rankings are not due to these conditions? In fact, in 1998 and 2001, Saari argues that the real reason of the seminal result of Sen’s theorem is not related to the nature of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. The reason is that Pareto conditions and Minimal Liberalism needs the societal rankings to be made over pairs, which dismiss the transitivity of individual preferences. Therefore, it is not the conflicts between societal need and individual rights that undermine the assumption of individual rationality; it is the concentration of pairs that leads to the ignorance of individual rationality. And Saari also made geometric proof on this argument, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. 4. Merits of the New Interpretation There are several advantages of the new interpretation compared to the one that Sen present in the original version. First of all, the theorem carried out by Saari and his collaborates are proved using geometric proof, instead of using only examples and assumptions to derive the final results. In addition, the new interpretation can explain all the examples used by Sen in his prior papers and the new interpretation also supports Sen’s own interpretation that the three conditions in Sen’s theorem force the decisions to be made by ignoring the individual rationality. The new interpretation also thinks that the decision rule also wants to meet the demand in the cyclic preference (Saari 2001; Saari and Petron, 2004). Secondly, the geometric proof of the new interpretations has identified all possible profiles that support any examples of Sen’s model. In addition, Saari and his collaborates have also significantly expanded on earlier observations by providing a new statistical interpretation for Sen’s Theorem. And they also conclude that the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. Thirdly, the new interpretation has pointed a new direction for the movements of individual rights. Compared with the interpretation by Sen, the new interpretation focus more on the intensity minimal liberalism, which will leads to social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes and at the same time satisfy weak Pareto conditions. They pointed out the deeper reason of the ignorance of individual rationality instead of concluding that the reason is because of the inconsistency of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. 5. Conclusion As discussed in the previous session, the Sen’s theorem provides a good direction for the research of individual rights. And there are many researchers working on the topic to find new interpretation for the seminal results of Sen’s theory. Saari and his collaborates find that Minimal Liberalism makes some of the information in the society irrelevant. However, depending on that information, individual preferences may or may not be transitive. Therefore, they conclude that Minimal Liberalism makes transitivity information irrelevant and this happens for any possible example of Sen’s cycles. They find a way to solve this problem and the response to this is to modify Minimal Liberalism in a way that is sensitive to transitivity information. They use the Intensity Minimal Liberalism (IML), which is a decisive that agent can impose his preferences only when the choice does not create a strong negative externality for some other agent. And they finally find that there are social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes that satisfy weak Pareto and IML, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. The new interpretation finds a more appropriate way to proof Sen’s theorem and expends Sen’s theorem in several aspects. References Li, I. and D.G. Saari 2008. ‘Sen’s theorem: geometric proof, new interpretations’, Social Choice and Welfare 31: 393-413. Focus especially on pages 393-401. Petron, A and D.G. Saari 2006. `Negative externalities and Sens liberalism theorem, Economic Theory 28: 265-281. Read Sections 1 to 4. Saari, D. G. (1995). Basic Geometry of Voting, Springer-Verlag, New York Saari, D. G. (1998). Connecting and resolving Sen’s and Arrow’s Theorems, Social Choice Welfare 15, 239-261 Saari, D. G. (2001). Decisions and Elections; Explaining the Unexpected, Cambridge University Press, New York Saari, D. G., and Petron, A. (2004). (April), Negative Externalities and Sen’s Liberalism Theorem, IMBS working papers, University of California, Irvine, to appear in Economic Theory,June, 2006. Saari, D. G. and Sieberg, K. (2001). The sum of the parts can violate the whole, American Political Science Review 95, 415-433. Salles, M. (1997). On Modelling Individual Rights: Some Conceptual Issues: Discussion; p 129-133 in Social Choice Re-examined, Vol. 2; Ed. by K. J. Arrow, A. K. Sen, and K. Suzumura,St Martin’s Press New York. Sen, A. K. (1966). A Possibility Theorem on Majority Decisions, Econometrica, 34(2), 491-09. Sen, A. K. (1970a). Collective Choice and Social Welfare, Holden-Day, San Francisco. Sen, A. K. (1970b). The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal, The journal of Political Economy, 78(1), 152-57. Sen, A. K. (1976). Liberty, Unanimity and Rights, Economica 43(171), 217-45. Sen, A. K., Liberty and Social Choice, Journal of Philosophy, 80(1), 5-28. Sen, A. K. (1992) Minimal Liberty, Economica, 59 (234), 139-60. Sen, A. K. (1999) The possibility of social choice. The American Economic Review 89 (3), 349-378

Silent Film Meets the Talkies: A Brief History Essay example -- Film M

Silent Film Meets the Talkies: A Brief History A gambling man, Governor Leland Stanford of California needed visual proof to win a bet he had eagerly placed. Governor Stanford firmly believed that at some point in their stride, horses had all four hooves off the ground at the same time. After hiring a photographer who was to no avail, the Governor brought in John D. Isaacs, the chief engineer for the Southern Pacific Railroad, to have a look at the situation. Isaacs decided to rig up a system of magnetic releases to trigger a series of cameras, twelve total, as the horse ran down the track (Everson, 17). Mounting these images on a rotating disk and projecting them on a screen through a special lantern, they produced a moving picture of the horse at full gallop as it had occurred in real life (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1211). American cinema's next big break came with beginning of World War I. Until this period, the industry had been dominated by France, Italy, and Germany, particularly in the area of feature length presentations and the construction of permanent theaters. However, when the war broke out in Europe, film production abroad nearly ceased due to the overlap of chemicals used in film and the manufacturing of gunpowder (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1213). Simultaneously, American Cinema experienced a period on unprecedented prosperity and growth. By the end of the war, when the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, 90 percent of all films screened in Europe, Africa, and Asia were American (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1213). Germany however, was the exception, because it had been cut off from America since 1914. When the Germans did finally reconnect with the world, the United States benefited greatly from their techn... ...me box office hits, regardless of the acting or recording quality. As talkies became more refined and commonplace, silent films started to dwindle. A backlash occurred and these pantomimed movies were labeled as the true art (Geduld, 253). Yet, nothing could be done to slow down the continual development of cinema as sound poured out of studios on a daily basis. In fact, this new cinematic style was so popular, the film industry turned out to be one of the few prosperous enterprises during the Depression (Geduld, 253). Works Cited Ellis, Jack C. A History of Film. eedham Heights, Mass: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britanica Inc.; vol. 24, 15th ed. Chicago, IL: 1995. Everson, William K. American Silent Film. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978. Geduld, Harry M. The Birth of the Talkies. London: Indiana Univ. Press, 1975.